The Batwa, or ‘Twa people are one of the last groups of short-statured people also known as ‘pygmy’ people, and until Bwindi Rainforest was gazetted as a National Park they lived a hunter gather lifestyle in the forest. They are now some of the poorest people in the world with a high infant mortality rate and low life expectancy.

As the original dwellers of this ancient jungle, the Batwa were known as “The Keepers of the Forest.” The history of these small-statured people is long and rich. The Batwa survived by hunting small game using arrows or nets and gathering plants and fruit in the rain forest. They lived in huts constructed of leaves and branches, moving frequently in search of fresh supplies of food. The Batwa lived in harmony with the forest and its creatures, including the mountain gorillas, for millennia. Some anthropologists estimate that pygmy tribes such as the Batwa have existed in the equatorial forests of Africa for 60,000 years or more.

The Batwa tribe history

Many scholars have tried to give a historical account of the Batwa but perhaps the most far reaching account that seems to explain the apparent dominant negative perceptions about this community is that given by Edward Tyson in his account of the Pygmy in The Anatomy of a Pygmy Compared with that of a Monkey, and Ape and a Man published in 1751.14.

In Anatomy of a Pygmy, Tyson compares the anatomy of an infant chimpanzee to the human anatomy and to the anatomy of monkeys and apes. He described in anatomical detail the morphological differences between man and his specimen and between the specimen and other primates of his interest. He concluded that “his pygmy” was no man, nor yet the Common Ape; but a sort of animal between both.

In 1904, approximately 153 years after the publication of Tysons work, Ota Benga, a Pygmy of the Congo Forests was captured and brought from the Belgian Congo by an “African explorer” Samuel Verner. In 1904, Ota Benga was exhibited at the St. Louis World Fair in the United States and later transferred to the Bronx Zoo in New York Zoological Park. According to different accounts, the exhibition of Ota Benga was immensely popular and extremely controversial.15 The black community in the United States was outraged while some churchmen feared that exhibition of Ota Benga could convince people to begin to believe in Darwin’s

theory of evolution. Nevertheless, for the time Ota Benga was on exhibition, he was so popular to the extent that up to 40,000 visitors were recorded on his side of the stall every Sunday. According to the same accounts, although he was later to leave the Zoo, with time, Ota Benga grew homesick, hostile and despondent. He was later to commit suicide by shooting himself ending his life in 1916.

The Anatomy of the Pygmy and the Ota Benga story have provided the lens within which the international community has often viewed the Batwa and other forest dwelling communities of Africa. It is this misrepresentation that has had devastating effects upon their populations. The general perception that the Pygmies in general and the Batwa in particular are barbaric, wild, uncivilized, untidy, ignorant, and above all else, sub-human seems to be at the foundation of their consistent exclusion from the mainstream of society and their continuing marginalization.

These perceptions ignore the fact that the heroic acts of Ota Benga and the resilience exhibited by all the Batwa communities within the Great Lakes Region are a clear testimony of the continuing struggles by minority groups around the world to defend their inherent right to life, security and livelihoods.

It is, perhaps as a result of this perception that for the last half a century, international conservation groups have “conspired” with national governments and international financial institutions including the World Bank to forcibly evict the Batwa communities from their ancestral dwellings without any form of compensation or other recourse.

The social status of the Batwa

According to the 2002 population census, the Batwa population in Uganda is about 6000, with the majority living in the Southwestern districts of Kabale, Kisoro, Kanungu, Bundibugyo and Rukungiri.17 The size of the Batwa is quite different from other tribes in Uganda, the men and women rise to an average of four feet or less in height, the tallest man among the Batwa would be the shortest among the neighboring community, the Bakiga. Traditionally, the Batwa lived as hunters and gatherers, residing in temporary huts and caves, deriving sustenance from forest resources like honey, wild fruits, mushrooms and vegetables. Each clan collectively owned an area of forest within which they derived food and herbal medicine for their sustenance.

According to a study undertaken in 1996, the Batwa reside in about 53 separate settlements falling within 41 villages. On average each settlement is composed of about 10 households. The household sizes range from single to 17 member households. Despite living in different settlements, the Batwa have strong social relations and recognize themselves as a community. They share close attachments to certain areas within concomitant social formations that appear to derive directly from the ancient past. Marriages normally take place within the clans though marriage among members of an individual settlement is rare because of the close relations amongst such persons. Batwa still practice social norms and customs normally associated with clanship similar to majority of other tribes in East and Central Africa. However, due to the resettlement programme most Batwa are never sure of their clan leader and where he lives.

The Batwa Pygmies are believed to be the original inhabitants of the equatorial forests of the Great Lakes region of Central Africa. The forest was their home. It provided them with sustenance and medicines, and contained their sacred sites. Their low-impact use of forest resources meant that their way of life was sustainable over thousands of years.

Traditional Economy of bambuti

The Batwa-Bambuti‘s economy is just as simple as their general way of life. They are wanderers by nature with no fixed place of abode. Their chief means of subsistence is meat and the forests where they live abound with elephants, monkeys, lizards and some antelopes.

The Bambuti prey on these animals and several others which the forest contains. As one would expect, the Batwa-Bambuti have no home industries. Their mode of life is purely subsistence and they do not seem t be troubled by lack of home comfort.

Attractions

• Bwindi forest National Park
• Batwa Trail
• Mghahinga National Park
• Mountain Rwenzori